![]() Likewise, the rank-order stability of any PD category was moderate, while ranging from low to high for individual PD diagnoses. On a categorical level, the mean-level stability of any PD was only moderate, and the mean-level stability of specific PDs was low, except of schizoid PD. The most frequently diagnosed disorders were antisocial, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive PDs, both at baseline and at follow-up. Results: The prevalence rate for any PD was 20.0% at baseline and 30.4% at follow-up. Rank-order stability was assessed through Spearman’s ρ. On a dimensional level, the magnitude of change between the PD trait scores at baseline and at follow-up was measured by Cohen’s d. Rank-order stability was assessed through Cohen’s κ and tetrachoric correlation coefficients. ![]() On a categorical level, mean-level stability was assessed through the proportion of enduring cases from baseline to follow-up. PDs were assessed at baseline and at a 10-year follow-up. ![]() Methods: In total, 115 young adults with a history of residential child welfare and juvenile-justice placements in Switzerland were included in the current study. The aim of the current paper was to investigate the categorical and dimensional mean-level and rank-order stability of PDs from adolescence into young adulthood in a high-risk sample. Despite increasing evidence that PDs are not as stable as previously assumed, the long-term stability of PDs remains under major debate.
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